Biology Prefixes and Suffixes epi-

The prefix (epi-) has several meanings including on, upon, above, upper, in addition to, near, besides, following, after, outermost, or prevalent. Examples Epiblast (epi-blast): the outermost layer of an embryo in an early stage of development, prior to the formation of germ layers. The epiblast becomes the ectoderm germ layer which forms skin and nervous tissue.Epicardium (epi-cardium): the innermost layer of the pericardium (a fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart) and the outermost layer of the heart wall.Epicarp (epi-carp): the outermost layer of the walls of a ripened fruit; outer skin layer of fruit. It is also called the exocarp.Epidemic (epi-demic): an outbreak of disease that is prevalent or widespread throughout a population.Epiderm (epi-derm): the epidermis or outer skin layer.Epididymis (epi-didymis): a convoluted tubular structure that is situated upon the upper surface of male gonads (testes). The epididymis receives and stores immature sperm and houses mature sperm.Epidural (epi-dural): a directional term that means on or outside of the dura mater (outermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord). It is also an anesthetic injection into the space between the spinal cord and dura mater.Epifauna (epi-fauna): aquatic animal life, such as starfish or barnacles, that live on the bottom surface of a lake or sea.Epigastric (epi-gastric): pertaining to the upper middle region of the abdomen. It also means lying on or over the stomach.Epigene (epi-gene): occurring or originating at or near the earths surface.Epigeal (epi-geal): referring to an organism that lives or grows near or on the ground surface.Epiglottis (epi-glottis): the thin flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the windpipe to prevent food from entering the opening during swallowing.Epiphyte (epi-phyte): a plant that grows on the surface of another plant for support.Episome (epi-some): DNA strand, typically in bacteria, that is either integrated in the host DNA or exists independently in the cytoplasm.Epistasis (epi-stasis): describes the action of a gene upon another gene.Epithelium (epi-thelium): animal tissue that covers the o utside of the body and lines organs, vessels (blood and lymph), and cavities.Epizoon (epi-zoon): an organism, such as a parasite, that lives on the body of another organism.

Russian Reform and Economics the Last Quarter of the 20th...

Russian Reform and Economics: The Last Quarter of the 20th Century Outline Thesis: As the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy was crumbling beneath it. Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980s. The Russian people wanted economic security and freedom, while the government was trying to obtain democracy. The previous management styles needed to be changed along with the way that most businesses in Russia operated. I. Reformation of USSR A. The change from communism to democracy. B. The change in government has had a great effect on the Russian people and workers. C. The reformation left the Russian economy upside down. II. Post-Reform economy versus†¦show more content†¦13 percent of the industry was subsidized to make up for operating losses (Smith, H., 238). There was many reasons for the economic growth rate falloff including centralized price determination, centralized allocation of resources and products, to many exchange rates, hard currency problems, and retention quotas. Glasnost revealed many of the problems dealing with issues in the society and the peoples living conditions. The people of Russia had very little income and very little food. The food supply was very limited and caused the government to resort to rationing. The lack of food caused many health problems for the people. The outcome of Russias problems are based on the decisions and policies taken in the first s teps of perestroika. 1988 to 1990 was the transition phase for the Russian government and economy. During this time Russian leaders were forecasting a full recovery from the economic collapse by the year 2000 (Colton Legvold, 70). Russian leaders started changing the government from the top down. In the preliminary phase they changed the highest levels of the administration. In the stabilizing stage change was in the lower levels and was had an emphasis on politics instead of the economy. 563 of 965 party members were replaced between March 1985 and August 1988 (Hill Dellenbrant, 144). In the expansive stage changes brought about a wider democracy, decentralization inShow MoreRelatedThe Emergence And Development Of Russia s Radical During The Post Reform Era2688 Words   |  11 PagesRussia’s radical intelligentsia during the post-reform era? What were the major ideological positions and differences? Why were these positions believed to be the only possible paths to significant political change? 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Shakespeare’s presentation of the Courtly World of Messina in the play’s opening acts Free Essays

The concept of the courtly world goes beyond the mere setting of the royal court and is largely presented as a life style, especially with regards to romance. This idea has transcended time, with Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales depicting a similar courtly world in the Knight’s tale, a story that possessed broadly similar features to Much Ado About Nothing. This world is set firmly in a period where the monarchy was the centre of English life. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s presentation of the Courtly World of Messina in the play’s opening acts or any similar topic only for you Order Now This, perhaps, explains why some aspects, especially the apparent degradation of women until they become objects, are somewhat uncomfortable for modern readers as our liberal society views this as sexist, far from a Victorian audience’s view that this was normal life. The structure of the play is instrumental in establishing the recurring themes of a courtly world, most notably the hierarchical and patriarchal structures that operate in this setting. This is most obvious from the dramatis personae, with its order beginning with men at the top and women at the bottom highlighting the gender roles within the courtly world and love itself as it is men who essentially do the courting. This idea is alluded to in the war-like scenes of ‘take her hearing prisoner’ as war is usually the domain of men and by referring to love as a battlefield, it is therefore inferred that love is the domain of men, with the reference to a woman as a ‘prisoner’ reinforcing the passive, helpless female role. This point is further emphasized by the fact that most scenes are initiated by a male as this establishes the idea that men come first and are the dominant presence, a concept that is perpetuated through this courtly world. The form is repeatedly used to reinforce the features of the courtly world to the audience. Being a play, the dominant role of men is highly apparent though their overrepresentation in the dialogue, nowhere more so than in conversations with Hero. Her lack of a response to ‘Speak, cousin; or if you cannot, stop his mouth with a kiss’ encapsulates the idea that women weren’t valued for their opinions, but merely their sexuality as a wife and childbearer as the ‘kiss’ suggests – Hero can only communicate with men though sexual appeal rather than her intelligence or personality. Ironically, despite being outspoken, Beatrice is only able to do so by adopting ‘masculine’ traits such as the scorner of love persona emulated by Benedick. The mere fact that the only way that Beatrice is able to speak up is through being ‘one of the guys’ reinforces the idea that it was unnatural for a woman of the courtly world to be opinionate d as it was a trait primarily associated with men. The language used, in itself, is largely representative of the features of the courtly world. The men, in particular, use witty, almost poetry like phrases, such as ‘My visor is Philemon’s roof; within the house is Jove/ Speak low if you speak love’. This passage is almost in ballad form, which, being the poetry of love, reinforces the romance associated with the courtly world. The fact, however, that such poetic language is used, is somewhat representative of the idea that the courtly world is a fantastical aspiration for most people as, like poetry, it is the construct of an individual’s imagination and is not really representative of real life. The masquerade ball, talk of which dominates much of the first part of the play, further encapsulates this idea. I say this because the idea of dissembling is highly apparent in the ball and dissembling is not too far from the idea that the view portrayed of the people, like the courtly world, is mainly a construc t, yet underneath, the reality is a lot less perfect than the what audience actually sees. The main feature of the courtly world appears to be power as this idea recurs in many ways throughout the play. The witty language used by the men is not only symbolic of the constructed courtly world, but is used mainly a tool for them to show off and gain power over one another. The same can be said for the structure as the dramatis personae is essentially a power list going in descending order. What is most interesting about this, however, is the fact that women are always at the bottom which suggests that this is less about power than it is playing to gender roles where men are required to assert themselves, just as woman are required to remain passive. This idea would sit at odds with a modern audience, as our post-feminism society finds fault with everything that separates men and women into gender roles and this patriarchal courtly world would be considered highly sexist in our modern day. How to cite Shakespeare’s presentation of the Courtly World of Messina in the play’s opening acts, Papers

Learning Outcomes

Question: Write an essay on "Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making". Answer: Introduction The course was a great learning experience for me. The contents of the course will not only help me in decision-making but would also support me in my day to day life. The capacity to think rationally and clearly with a focused vision makes a huge difference in the results. The skills of critical thinking are not just confined to a particular subject or any one area, but it has a much broader perspective. It can be effectively implemented in several decision-making situations and could result in a better and a much efficient outcome. The approach helps in analysing the situation not on assumptions, but based on the facts, observations and experiences and thus reaching an appropriate conclusion. Learning Outcomes Any decision-making process is initiated by two types of thinking. These are automatic and critical thinking. I would admit that before taking the course, I used to take my decisions based on the assumptions in lesser time for which I may have to repent later. But now I strongly analyse the situation based on the critical thinking and subsequently reach any decision. The analysis takes more time, but the final decision is definitely a better one with lesser flaws. The ten tools of clarity and the inductive and deductive thinking helps me in analysing different situations (Hoeksema, 2010). The vital difference that I observe in myself is taking decisions based on experiences, facts and observations rather than assumptions. The ten tools of clarity act as a vital parameter for critical thinking. It lays emphasis on utilising the experiences and further staying focused. Further, it lays emphasis on inspection and its purpose. The other tools discuss the significance and the need. The to ols also talk about foreseeing and devising a backup plan. An ingredient diagram is also prepared for the analysis of the situation. This gives a better picture of the current scenario and the conclusions. Vision also acts as a crucial tool for evaluation and may be used initially as well as in the later stage. This helps in setting the goals and objectives. The thinking coach is the last tool for clarity used during evaluation. The Prospect Theory as proposed by Kahneman and Tversky in the year 1979 also discusses the behavioural aspect of the decision maker who escalates between the alternatives available (Muralidhar, 2006). The decision-making procedures may vary depending on the different situations. They may be simple, complex, complicated, chaotic and unclear. Decisions can be made easily if there is a single person responsible. However, it becomes difficult to delegate one person for decision making. It is very crucial to identify the needs before taking the decision. Risk as sessment is also vital before reaching the decision. It is also studied that self-awareness is the key to good leadership. It is very important to know personal Feelings, attitudes, motives, strengths, weaknesses, and desires. The Johari Window proposed by Luft and Ingham in 1955 is a technique to understand the connection with oneself and others (Shenton, 2007). Self-esteem and self-efficacy are two terms associated with self-awareness. The concept of emotional intelligence cannot be ignored while discussing the self-awareness. The theory of Games and Economic behaviour was proposed by Neumann and Morgenstern in the year 1944. The various situations, conditions of the players and other parameters are evaluated in the theory (Einy Shitovitz, 2003). Psychological contracts were also an important part of learning in the course. They are beliefs laid on promises, related to an exchange agreement between a person and the organisation. There are six features of these contracts. They are a voluntary choice, trust in agreement, multiple contract makers, incompleteness, managing the losses in case of failures and the contract acting as the model of the employment contract (Ellis, 2007). The psychological contracts can be classified into three different types. These are relational, transactional and hybrid contracts. The relational contract is based on trust and loyalty from both the parties. In the transactional contracts both the parties are restricted to the terms and condition. The hybrid contract is a perfect balance of the relational and the transactional contracts. However, the most important part of the contract is that it is successful where both parties are contented at the end. Today, I am not only confident about my own decision, but I am also able to influence others in decision making. Critical thinking has turned out to be beneficial for me in many aspects. While evaluating any situation, I reach a conclusion by implementing the basic components of refl ective thinking which are a reflection, analysis and the planning (Murdoch, 2010). It is not just confined to any particular area of management, finance, research, education or legal professions, but it can be utilised to solve our personal problems related to our day to day lives also. The evaluative approach not only helps in analyzing the situation considering all the parameters but also helps in reaching the most appropriate conclusion. In the present era of globalisation where the economies are guided by the information and technology, it becomes very crucial for individuals to tackle the changes effectively. There is a higher demand for people possessing flexible intellectual skills and their ability to gather information and scrutinise it critically to reach a substantial decision which proves to be beneficial for everyone. Since critical thinking helps in developing such skills, it is also required by companies at their workplaces. Needless to say, this skill has helped me i n gaining a lot of confidence due to the improved skills. My personality has evolved from earlier, and I have become an altogether new person due to these skills. It has helped me in improving my language and expression of ideas. I have acquired better presentation skills, and people listen to me with much more interest. I have become a much more creative person than I was before. The innovative approaches of reaching solutions and justifying them with facts and figures have made me a better speaker with people having trust in me. It also acts as an efficient tool for self-evaluation. It helps me in working on my weak points and finally improving them for a better outcome. My entire overview of presuming things and further acting on them has changed. The critical thinking exercise of analyzing problems has given me a different perspective (Hannel Hannel, 1998). I have developed a skill of coming up with multiple apt solutions for problems which help me in reaching a viable decision . I have learned to carry my feelings and expressions in a better manner and not influenced by others. I have also become a more emotionally intelligent person (Austin, 2002). The video diary experience had also given me many learning outcomes. It is a perfect reflective process and a very good stress buster. Every time I watch the video, I relive the entire experience again. It is much more emotional and more healing than writing. It is observed that it is powerfully therapeutic about going through the past experiences with own eyes after so many years. Additionally, it is much easier as compared to writing. The video could be stored for years and would give the same feel, even after watching it after so long. It also helps in improving my communication skills. I can easily catch my flaws in communication while watching the video diary and can work on overcoming them. Conclusion The course module was a great learning experience indeed. It not only increased my knowledge frame but also transformed me into a new person. The skills learned all through the course would help me in my future endeavours. I would not only utilize them at my work but also in my personal life. The critical thinking has given me a new perspective of taking things and ways of handling them. I do not panic over problems now and have become a much calmer person than I was before. I would definitely use my enhanced presentation skills in my workplace for better results. In the end, I would conclude that the course has changed my way of taking things to a great extent. References Austin, E. (2002). Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life.Intelligence,30(4), 393-394. Einy, E. Shitovitz, B. (2003). Symmetric von NeumannMorgenstern stable sets in pure exchange economies.Games And Economic Behavior,43(1), 28-43. Ellis, J. (2007). Psychological Contracts: Does Work Status Affect Perceptions of Making and Keeping Promises?.Management Communication Quarterly,20(4), 335-362. Hannel, G. Hannel, L. (1998). The Seven Steps to Critical Thinking: A Practical Application Of Critical Thinking Skills.NASSP Bulletin,82(598), 87-93. Hoeksema, J. (2010). Peering belowground with increasing clarity: elucidating belowground processes with cutting-edge tools.Plant Soil,331(1-2), 1-3. Muralidhar, A. (2006). Modern Prospect Theory: The Missing Link Between Modern Portfolio Theory and Prospect Theory.SSRN Electronic Journal. Murdoch, D. (2010). Self-Directed Learning Needs Critical Thinking Component.Women In Higher Education,19(3), 25-25. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window.Reference Services Review, 35(3), 487-496.

Black Empowerment In America Essays - Egalitarianism,

Black Empowerment In America These two articles on the past and future of black empowerment in America. My topic is something of a fairly new nature and these two articles really touch on the essence of the point of my would be research paper. The first touches on the past of black empowerment and further extended my knowledge of significant events such as the civil rights movements and in particular the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The second hits on the current and future issues in black empowerment. For instance the need to not ignore the race card when it comes to political action, because its still very prevalent. The first article was titled The politics of black empowerment; the transformation of black activism in urban America, by James Jennings. The main point of his article was to illustrate how important the issue of race has played in voting in America. He gave the examples of the post reconstruction era in the early to mid 1900s and the civil rights movement. He analyzed the similar intimidation tactics used in both periods and how both periods were important for black empowerment. He also analyzed the impact of the Voting Rights Act of !965 and the ramifications of government intervention in the area of civil rights. He concluded that not only representation is necessary for black empowerment, but power to decide an individual destiny. The second article titled: The struggle for black empowerment in New York City; beyond the politics of pigmentation. It was written by Dale Rogers Marshall. He is trying to point out that although blacks have come a long way in terms of voting and political power, the fact of race cannot be ignored in the realm of politics. He isn't saying that race should be an important aspect of how one votes, but he points out several sets of election statistics that show that it is. He also points out in his analysis of racial lines playing a part in voting the 60s era; as did the first article. As he goes along he points out several southern cities and how their elections were divided along racial lines. For instance he pointed out a city in Florida that had always had white support for white candidates and black support for black candidates but not vice versa. His conclusion was that as far as both races have come in understanding each other the issue of race when it comes to voting can not be ebbed out. Both of these articles were well written and would be very helpful to a research paper on black empowerment. They both cover enough of the past, present, and future whereas you can deduce an intelligent understanding of the issue of black empowerment. Their only drawback is that if someone has never heard or isn't necessarily interested in this topic, the articles go a little in depth with their examples and numbers. All in all, I found them to be a useful tool in the understanding of my topic.

Free Essays on Adolescence And Stereotypes

Today, many teenagers are under constant pressure of stereotypes. Those types of people are defined as shallow, naà ¯ve and sometimes uncompassionate youngsters. Most of the problems come from their common failures to take social risks and the possession of an open mind. We are all one student body. Yet, we are so separated in many aspects. Much of the stereotyping exists, because of our inability to look past appearances. Many designers make up new fashions and trends in clothing, which often increases the competition for and identity of a teenager. If you don’t fit into a group’s clothing style than chances are you can be excluded from it. Different hair styles sometimes dictate the authority among peers or if the person is worth knowing to be friends with. Your friends could simply reject you, because of the look of your pimpled face. It is natural, as a part of a growing process, but your peer groups might have a complete different opinion about that. I remember a friend of mine came up and told me how he was excluded from a group based on a simple thing as his own look. I believe, it is not fair to be rejected, based upon your look comparison with your friends of the same group. These days however, there is too much emphasis on looks, which makes it harder to be a teenager, while finding a way to your own identity. Now days, it would be highly unlikely for boys to become more like girls. Gender roles dictate the appropriate behaviors for boys and girls alike. I can recall a personal example when I was learning how to swim. The girls were falling behind for the most part. It was generally acceptable, even the instructor himself paid more attention to us guys. Traditionally, guys were always pictured as strong and violent and girls were always cute and placid. The looks and behaviors of both genders were reflected from the roles the society intended for them to do. It is also important to remember, that harmony in adolescence t... Free Essays on Adolescence And Stereotypes Free Essays on Adolescence And Stereotypes Today, many teenagers are under constant pressure of stereotypes. Those types of people are defined as shallow, naà ¯ve and sometimes uncompassionate youngsters. Most of the problems come from their common failures to take social risks and the possession of an open mind. We are all one student body. Yet, we are so separated in many aspects. Much of the stereotyping exists, because of our inability to look past appearances. Many designers make up new fashions and trends in clothing, which often increases the competition for and identity of a teenager. If you don’t fit into a group’s clothing style than chances are you can be excluded from it. Different hair styles sometimes dictate the authority among peers or if the person is worth knowing to be friends with. Your friends could simply reject you, because of the look of your pimpled face. It is natural, as a part of a growing process, but your peer groups might have a complete different opinion about that. I remember a friend of mine came up and told me how he was excluded from a group based on a simple thing as his own look. I believe, it is not fair to be rejected, based upon your look comparison with your friends of the same group. These days however, there is too much emphasis on looks, which makes it harder to be a teenager, while finding a way to your own identity. Now days, it would be highly unlikely for boys to become more like girls. Gender roles dictate the appropriate behaviors for boys and girls alike. I can recall a personal example when I was learning how to swim. The girls were falling behind for the most part. It was generally acceptable, even the instructor himself paid more attention to us guys. Traditionally, guys were always pictured as strong and violent and girls were always cute and placid. The looks and behaviors of both genders were reflected from the roles the society intended for them to do. It is also important to remember, that harmony in adolescence t...

Irans Refusal to Release Iranian Americans Essay

Irans Refusal to Release Iranian Americans - Essay Example It involved the detention of dual citizenship holders, Haleh Esfandiari, Kian Tajbakhsh, Ali Shakeri and Parnaz Azima. This paper will recount the issues involved in this detention and the charges levied against these four Iranian-Americans based on newspaper accounts. It will also detail the reaction of US President George Bush and the rebuttals of Iranian officials. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if the detention is actually an Iranian act of terrorism against the US. According to news reports, the detention of the first of the Iranian-Americans occurred in May 8, 2007 when Haleh Esfandiari was incarcerated in Evin Prison, followed by the arrest of Dr. Kian Tajbakhsh on May 11, 2007, who was also remanded to the same facility. Two other Iranian-Americans were also charged, after having been prevented from leaving Iran for an undisclosed period of time. Ali Shakeri, on his way to Europe, was detained on May 8 as well while Parnaz Azima was prevented from leaving Iran when authorities confiscated her passport in January 2007. A brief description of the four detainees follows. "Haleh Esfandiari is the director for the Middle East Program at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, in Washington". ("Haleh Esfandiari") She is an expert on Middle Eastern women's issues and democratic development as well as contemporary Iranian politics. She has published numerous papers on the contemporary issues concerning Iran, focusing on the plight of Iranian women. She has a doctorate degree from the University of Vienna and is the recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant. She has been prevented from leaving Iran since December 2006 when her luggage and passport were stolen while on her way out of Iran to the airport. ("Haleh Esfandiari") As a social scientist, Dr. Kian Tajbakhsh has published two books, received his Master's degree from University College in London and his doctoral degree from Columbia University. "He is also associated with the Open Society Institute, a non-profit organization promoting public health, humanitarian relief, culture, and local government". ("KIAN TAJBAKHSH, PhD"). Dr. Tajbakhsh worked with the Iranian government on issues of public health in rebuilding communities in the aftermath of the Bam earthquake ("KIAN TAJBAKHSH, PhD"). Ali Shakeri is an Iranian-American businessman connected with Global Estate Funding from Irvine, California who graduated from the University of Texas. He served in the University of California's Center for Citizen Peacebuilding as part of the Community Advisory Board. He is also an active member of the Ettehade Jomhourikhahan-e Iran (EJI) which is working for a democratic and secular republic Iran. Parnaz Azima is a journalist for US government-funded Radio Farda. Not much is available on the career of Parnaz Azima, but Radio Farda has long been a thorn on the side of Iran. A joint project of the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and Voice of America (VOA), it is a 24/7 radio service broadcasting news about Iran as well as popular Persian and Western music. The radio station's website, in which users can red and interact, had been blocked from access by the

Spectometers Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spectometers - Lab Report Example The signal alters as the intensity of light engrossed by the liquid alters. If improvement in the light’s color is connected to the concentration of a compound in solution form, then that concentration could be measured by realizing the extent of absorption of light at the suitable color. For instance, hemoglobin seems red due to the hemoglobin’s absorption of blue and green light rays much more efficiently than red. The level of absorbance of blue or green light is comparative to the concentration of hemoglobin. The moment monochromatic light goes through a solution, a measurable affiliation is normally found between the solute’s concentration and the amount of diffused light. The spectrometer is mainly responsible for measuring all these quantifiers present in matter and other spectrums of physics. Today’s physicists will use the spectrometer to apply a diffraction grating. If the grating layout of the grating becomes accurately known, the light’s colors might be gotten straight from the viewpoint at which the lines appear. The spectrometer of the MIRI is the newest version used in large learning institutions across the globe. The spectrometer of the MIRI consists of two vital parts, the SPO and the SMO (Wiley 1153). The constituents of the SPO are assembled at the UKATC, whereas the constituents of the SMO are assembled by Astron. Both parts of the spectrometer combine together with the use of a spectrograph screen wheel. The MPIA assembles the spectrograph to play a huge part in the efficiency of the spectrometer as a

Global Theroy and Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Theroy and Plan - Essay Example Furthermore the impact that this would have on other dimensions such as human resource management planning would be vast. The first and foremost element of my personal theory of global executive management development is centered around three principles which are aligning the needs of employees with the organizational objectives of the company, ensuring regular cross-cultural communication training takes place and finally putting in place policies that ensure positive relationship building. Aligning the needs of employees with the objectives of the organization is important to personal management development. It can be the case that in many organizations there is disequilibrium between these two parties. For example an organization may stress the importance of business ethics, but in some circumstances there may be pressure on employees to act in an ethically questionable way. These policies could theoretically result in employees feeling frustrated or isolated. According to Connors & Smith (1999) having a common goal and sharing accountability is an important element to an organization staying united and productive. When addressing the importance of regular cross-cultural communication training it is important to consider that an increasing number of employees are taking international assignments particularly people working for multinational corporations. A study conducted by Liu and Lee (2008) concluded that cross-cultural training had a significant impact on the overall expatriate adjustment in a host country. By preparing a manager to meet the needs of an expatriate position there would be a reduced risk of employee turnover as well as better overall employee job satisfaction. Even if an employee does not take an overseas position the benefit from a cross-cultural training could theoretically be very important to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse workforce and client base

Supply elasticity theory applied to tourism and hospitality

Supply elasticity theory applied to tourism and hospitality Introduction The hospitality industry is major service sector in the world economy. The industry encompasses an extensive variety of service industries that include food service, tourism and hotels. The hospitality industry is a 3.5 trillion Pound service sector within the global economy. London has been named the 2012 for International Games.There are a multitude of benefits for London hosting the Olympics, biggest of them is Hotel revenue in terms of Revenue, which means Demand for Hotels are already forecasted. The demand for the hotels in any market is determined basically by the amount of travellers inflow in that place. This study may examine the relationship between the Supply and the factors affecting the hospitality sector using some of the theories adapted from Mr. Don Burton notes. Reference: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com SUPPLY CONNOTE The term Supply states the total amount of the product that producers are willing and able to provide at a particular price over a given period of time. Here willingness is the keyword and this is determined using various analytical factors in ones mind. The hotel business faces the complexity in the commission of managing the chronological demand for its products put on show for the rest of the world. Also the supply of rooms has outpaced the demand over the last decade. Especially in the United Kingdom, since it is the worlds first industrialised country and stands sixth in the world economy with the power of purchasing parity has to follow some theories in order to sustain healthy in their competitive environment And as per the fact in 2012 the hotels in UK needs to offer 1 million rooms, the demand in the near future is high. The hotels have two basic means of achieving sustainable competitive advantage within their product market by focussing on low price and to meet the demand the Customers. Reference: http://ezinearticles.com/?cat=Business:International-Business SUPPOSITION OF SUPPLY The regulations of supply declares that, The Law of Supply claims that when other things are equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises IMPINGE ON SUPPLY Supply agenda shows the Law of Supply states that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good rises, and as the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied of the good falls, ceteris paribus. Simply put, the price of hotel supplies increases the supply to the hotel also increases, when price of Hotel Supplies falls then the supply to the Hotel is also reduced. This is done because the Supplier has invested his opportunity cost in other sources. The Graph illustrates when demand for Hotel room is high the quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies are also high when compared to 2010. Source: http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Articles.aspx FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY There are various factors that may affect the Supply of the hotels either undeviating or deviating. These are some notable direct factors such prices of relevant resources, technology, prices of other goods, number of sellers, expectations of future price, taxes and subsidies, and government restrictions.. This is bulleted below in detail, Prices of relevant resources Technology Prices of other goods Number of sellers Expectations of future price Taxes and subsidies Government restrictions Source Roger. A Arnold, Economics, 4th Edition, Page No.72 FACTORS WHICH CAUSES CHANGE IN SUPPLY PRICES OF RELEVANT RESOURCES Resources are needed to produce goods. For example, Source is Steak when the price of Steak gone down, then the hotel will purchase and stock more of steak to sell more steaks in hotels which increases the supply of Steak. In that case Supply Curve will move towards rightward. If there is no resource, that is less steak available thus creating less supply of rooms. Consequently, the preparation of steak will decrease, and the supply curve will shift leftward. TECHNOLOGY Most of the western countries have their usage of advanced technology to serve the hotel companies better. The development and in place highly integrated business processes technologies and system are definite. The hotels states the objective in promoting the hotel interface technologies such as property management system, point of sales system, video on demand security and access control which improves Hotel supplies efficiently and effectively. Therefore, the supply curve will shift to the right. PRICES OF OTHER GOODS When change in the price of one good can lead to a change in the supply of another good For example the Lobster price increases dues to worst climatic conditions making lobster unavailable in market then supply of Fish Increases. Lobster Fish Price Case- 1 Case -2 Quantity NUMBER OF SELLERS If more sellers begin producing a particular good, perhaps because of high profits, the supply curve will shift rightward. If some sellers stop producing a particular good, perhaps because of losses, the supply curve will shift leftward. EXPECTATIONS OF FUTURE PRICE If the price of a good is expected to be higher in the future, then producers may hold back some of the Hotel essential supplies today. Then they will have more to sell at the higher future price.. TAXES AND SUBSIDIES Some taxes increase per-unit costs. Suppose tax on Liqour is increased and producer is suppose to pay 2 pounds per Bottle. This tax leads to a leftward shift in the supply curve, indicating that the manufacturer wants to produce and offer to sell few of Liqour at each price. If the tax is eliminated, the supply curve shifts rightward. Subsidies have the opposite effect. Suppose the government subsidizes the production of Rice by paying wheat farmers 3 pounds for every bushel of wheat they produce. Because of the subsidy, the quantity supplied of rice is greater at each price, and the supply curve of Rice shifts rightward. Removal of the subsidy shifts the supply curve of corn leftward. Government Restrictions The government restrictions affects import of hotel supplies for international market, For example stricter Import duties implies adverse affect on hotel essentials thus giving less Output, the supply to the guest will be restricted with available foods. In this case the Supply curve moves towards left. Reference: Roger A Arnold, Economics, 2008 edition, P.No-71 PART B Price elasticity of supply When price changes, there will be not only a change in the quantity demanded, but also a change in the quantity supplied. Frequently we will want to know just how responsive quantity supplied is to a change in price. The measure we use is the price elasticity of supply.( PeS ) In simple terms the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. is called Price Elasticity of Supply. When it relates to hotel industry the responsiveness of Hotel supplier to a change in price of the product. The supply to hotel supplies in market will depends on change in price of hotel supplies in market or price offered by the Competitors. supplies Hotel Quantity Demanded The figure shows two supply curves. Curve S 2 is more elastic between any two prices than curve S 1. Thus, when price of Hotel Supplies rises from P 1 to P 2 there is a larger increase in quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies with S 2 (namely, Q 1 to Q 3 ) than there is with S 1 (namely, Q 1 to Q 2 ). For any shift in the demand curve there will be a larger change in quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies and a smaller change in price of Hotel Supplies with curve S 2 than with curve S 1. Thus the effect on price and quantity of a shift in the demand curve will depend on the price elasticity of supply. Reference : Roger. A Arnold, Economics, 2008 Edition, Page No.57 Source : http://economics.about.com INTERPRETATION OF SUPPLY CURVE Source : A. M. Shella , Economies of Hotel management , 2002 edition, P- No.91 KEY CONCEPTS IN DETERMINING THE PES WITH HOTEL SUPPLIES ARE FACTORS AFFECTING PES Spare production capacity When there is plenty of spare capacity  then the business will increase its output and therefore the Hotel Supplies supply will Elastic in response to Demand. Stocks of finished products and components If the stocks are products are high in the market supply will be elastic. Conversely when Hotel Supplies stocks are low, supply will be inelastic in response to a change in demand. The ease and cost of factor substitution If both capital and labour resources are  occupationally mobile  then the elasticity of supply for a Hotel Supplies is higher than if capital and labour cannot easily and quickly be switched 4) Time period involved in the production process Supply is more price elastic the longer the  time period  that a firm is allowed to adjust its production levels. The  momentary supply  is fixed and is determined mainly by planting decisions made months before, and also climatic conditions, which affect the overall production yield. Source: http://www.amosweb.com FACTORS DETERMINING PES Two factors that affect the numerical value of the price elasticity of supply are The Amount that costs rises as output Rises and time period of analysis. 1) The Amount that costs rises as output Rises When the Additional cost for producing additional output, this encourages more firms to produce for a given price which is raised, then more elastic will be supply. The lees the conditions apply, the less Elastic will supply be. 2) Analysis of Time Period when time period is longer then the time for analysis is more, responsiveness to the price change. Longer times enables the supplier to find alternatives. Time period are of two Long Run and Short Run. For example, the supply of the Ethnic Restaurants is not very elastic for a period, because Raw material used in production cannot easily switch to other goods. However, given enough time, a year or more, resources can move between productions, resulting in a more elastic supply. Reference: John Sloman Alison Wride, Economics, 7th Edition, Page 58. Conclusion Subsequent to the above text consisting of the Supply theories and its implication we could identify the factors that may directly cause the Supply either Surplus or Shortage. Having said that, the necessities of the supply are proposed transparently combining various abilities and the willingness of the producer and their assumption. Also the producer Supplying behaviour is related to the nations economical status and external factors (Climate, Transport, Trend) in the United Kingdom on the whole. TASK 2 WORD COUNT 1500 ANALYSE THE REASONS THAT FIRMS SEEK TO EXPAND THEIR BUSINESSES VIA INTERNATIONALISATION. HOW FIRMS THAT YOU HAVE RESEARCHED HAVE PURSUED THE GLOBALISATION OBJECTIVE? Introduction Surfacing the fact that the humankind business endeavours eyeing on high levels of branding and marking their presence all over the world by adapting the input called the Internationalisation. Most of the third world nations are now in the realism of making the most out of it, in terms of manpower and technological progression. With the presence of WTO the world trade organisation and its phenomenal support it has even made easier to connect nations across the globe with traditional business evolution in the way it is suppose to be. Having said that, the key concept is globalisation and its revolution in the modern business environment. This perceived text from the research will clarify the concept of internationalisation and the purpose it serves to aid the organisation picked as an example. And will also justify the adaptation on globalisation to pursue the objectives with complete satisfaction. Internationalisation The expression is closely attached with the term economic globalisation. This concept can be rephrased as the integration of national economy in to the international economy. Which is done by trade foreign investment, capital flows, spread of technology and the presence of security. The late 20th century offers the rural sociology and revitalization in the crisis of development theorist. The rising concern in the sustainability reveals the limits of up gradation concept. It is vital that every nation and the business existing should imply the globalization in their environment. Of-course the unrevealing support of the nations involved in the globalisations speaks loud for its own steps forward in the long lasting business era. However internationalisation is commonly recognised and path driven by amalgamation of vital aspects such as Economic Technological Socio cultural political Biological factors. Source: http://www.dadalos.org/globalisation/grundkurs_4.htm This phrase can also be acknowledged for the fact that it is transnational circulation of ideas, languages or cultural variance. These aspects are belonging to the humanity across the world which has gone through the process can be said to globalised. Significance of internationalisation Globalisation has a various aspects which affects the world business in several different ways. The emergence of the concept was very vital and as discussed earlier the positive outcomes are way too longer. It is advised to adhere to the principles of global marketing instances. The swiftness of internationalisation will continue to have a growing impact on business organisations and their practices evenly. Internationalisation hastens the development of the third world countries. Internationalisation of communication has a phenomenal upshot. Internationalisation fetches equalization of income distribution. Internationalisation brings about increased opportunity in the poor countries. Pessimistic values on internationalisation Although the rising concerns in the firms affiliated with the paradigm internationalisation, which has left hardly any hurdles or negative effects relating the organisation with that of its man power resource etc. The developed nations in this modern business environment adapt the policy of outsourcing which happens in manufacturing and white collar jobs. The exploitations of the globalisation have led the child workers usage in atrocious conditions in order to produce cheap good by ignoring safety concerns. Earlier in this business world, the workers had stable jobs but now the people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competitiveness in the environment.. The world of terrorism has involved them in usage of internet for their global terror information postal. Nevertheless the growing concerns of the firm have witnessed these negative aspects in establishing their brand. Submission of Internationalisation in relation to a hospitality firm. Globalisation is measured in various key aspects and the most immense thought has to be prearranged to the people industry which is called the hospitality trade. This concept is symbolized by the rapid movement of people, information and capital across national borders worldwide. Although this paradigm is a contemporary force with careful definition it is accepted. Global expansion with common product and branding position are in place to acquire the establishment in control. Sales and marketing of the firm programming in such a way they capture the global economy. Organisational structures that allow delivery of service with local operational control and the usage of world capital market as a primary source of funding. Quilon a personification in the task Succeeding to the illustration and the task given, in which the concept of internationalisation is completely implemented and has witnessed a global accolades for its idea. Quilon the hospitality firm being an example for the task given demonstrates certain prolific dimension to the global restaurant chains. A group of TAJ HOTELS RESORTS Concerning Quilon As a part of an iconic Indian hotel group called the the Taj hotels and resorts Established in 1903, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is one of Asias largest and finest group of hotels, comprising 61 hotels in 42 locations across India with an additional 16 international hotels in the UK, Maldives, Mauritius, Malaysia, Australia, USA, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Africa and the Middle East. From world-renowned landmarks to modern business hotels, idyllic beach resorts to authentic Rajput palaces, each Taj hotel offers an unrivalled fusion of warm Indian hospitality, world-class service and modern luxury. As they march on in the United Kingdom and established two hotels out of which the crown plaza has the significant Michelin starred restaurant named Quilon. Three other considerations in global expansion for Quilon Restaurant (A Taj Group) Source : Managing the Multinational Enterprise, John M Stopford, P.no 697 Strategic scope for Quilon Global perception is a matter of survival of the business. That is why a strategy is formed to drive the organisation to attain its penultimate vision of a firm. In the following text lets notify the significant features or strategy adopted by the hospitality firm which I have chosen in order to showcase the firms benefit in using the paradigm internationalisation as a business tool. Quilon has adopted Porters diamond theory of international competitive advantage identifies a diamond of four interrelated areas within a nation that assist that country to be more competitive in international markets the four areas being factor conditions, competing firms within the country, support industries of the country and home demand. Source: Porter, M E (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, P.No 691 1) FACTOR CONDITIONS The success of Quilon was depended on the national governments willingness to invest in these areas over long periods of time. Porter emphasised that competitiveness was not just a matter of comparative advantage. Resources can also be home-grown and specialised. Thus, goes well beyond natural resources but can assist in delivering national competitiveness. The Quilon has managed to take competitive advantage on UK market with resources being efficiently used for its establishment has No.1 Ethnic Indian Restaurant. 2) RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES Internationally competitive suppliers and other related industries represent a critical resource for international success. Clusters of such industries, each offering expertise and world-class service, can be vital. For example, Quilon (THE TAJ GROUP) relies on its world success not just from Hospitality sector but on a range of other products like Food Products, Automobile, Steel and Telecom. 3) FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY Fierce national competition will drive innovation, force down costs and develop new methods of competing that can then be used internationally by the same companies. Similarly, the Quilon success in Uk was its strength of the highly competitive home market. In Asia the parent company of Quilon has TATA GOUP has established major share of Indian Market. TAG group in UK Hospitality sector has first started with TETLY tea 51 BUKINGHAM PALACE HOTEL and BOMBAY BRAISSIERE which helped Quilon to survive rivalry between the competitors. Source : http://uk.tata.com/ 4) DEMAND CONDITIONS Highly sophisticated and demanding Customers in a nations home market will drive up innovation and quality. Quilon Authentic food with taste and quality created demand among the customer which resulted in tailoring the Menu and delivering the innovate food within the Market. Which awarded Quilon with One Michelin Star for the Quality Delivered. In addition, there are two other factors that are important : 1. The role of Government- Quilon stages of improvement can be influenced by the government regulatios and subsidies. 2. The role of Chance Events The competitive advantage of Quilon can shift in unpredictable ways by various reasons like Recession, Oil price rise and So on. Source: Managing the Multinational Enterprise by John M Stopford, P.No-707 Quilon (The TAJ Group) Market Portfolios The Taj group examines its existing Hospitality portfolio and decides whether new products are necessary. Initially, the firm may provide additional products and services for the domestic market before expanding into international markets . Alternatively, the company may decide to internationalize on the basis of a single successful product. Source : MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS PRACTICES, Tim Hannagan, 4th Edition, P.No- 43 More frequently firms expand internationally by first developing a portfolio of products with the ultimate objective of entering numerous international markets. This was the approach followed initially by Taj Group when it first decided to internationalize. The company built up a portfolio of Hotels and restaurant before venturing abroad. Less frequently firms expand rapidly into many international markets first with a single product and only later do they develop a full portfolio of products. 51 Buckingham Gate was the first international property from the luxury group Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces which was acquired in 1982, formerly known as St Jamess Court Hotel. After the success of 51 Buckingham Gate, they expanded their hospitality sector by Opening Quilon Restaurant and Bombay Brassiere by 1903. Conclusion: Conversely speaking it is incumbent on all hotel organizations that have aspirations to develop brand names across national boundaries to understand what globalization means. A truly global enterprise will have the ability to react quickly to market opportunities, no matter where they present themselves by applying business concepts that have been proven in the context of a global undertaking. In a world moving more and more towards globalization, hotel organizations will need to communicate more quickly, operate more productively, offer their employees greater opportunity and deliver their customers enhanced benefits. Those companies that address these issues today will be better prepared for the global market space of tomorrow.

The Voice of An Old Mans Winter Night :: Old Mans Winter Night

The Voice of "An Old Man's Winter Night" Perhaps the most haunting poem in Mountain Interval is "An Old Man's Winter Night," a poem about an old man dying in the wintry climate of New England and alone. Here, more so than in "The Oven Bird," the comfort of a warmly human subject is held out; no one who ever responded to a Norman Rockwell magazine cover could but be taken by the old man, alone in his house ("All out-of-doors looked darkly in at him"), unable to summon up the resources to hold the winter night at bay: What kept his eyes from giving back the gaze Was the lamp tilted near them in his hand. What kept him from remembering what it was That brought him to that creaking room was age. But if lovers of Rockwell had paused over these lines and tried to read and listen to them, they might well have noted how odd is their disposition. The "sense" of them is that the old man can't see out because the lamp won't permit him to see out -- all he gets back is an image of himself. And if he cannot see out, neither can he see in; he is so old that he can't remember how or why he is where he is. But what, in the prose paraphrase are concerned and sympathetic insights into the plight of old age, sound rather different when experienced through the sing-song, rather telegraphic formulations of the lines. As with "The Oven Bird" there is a heavy use of the verb "to be": "was" occurs three times in four lines, something a novice writer of poetry would try to avoid. And there are also three "whats," two of which occur in a single line ("What kept him from remembering what it was"), designed to make it hard to indulge in sad feelings about old age -- one notices the way that "age" i s quietly buried at the very end of the next line. Apropos of his sister Jeanie, Frost claimed that as he grew older he found it easier to lie awake and worry about other people's troubles. But he is at least as much a critic of such sympathetic identification with others -- lonely old men or oven birds -- as a practitioner of it. Or rather, some of the best poems in Mountain Interval derive their energy from the play of movement toward and withdrawal from the subject contemplated, play such as can be seen in two lines further on which summarize the old man in his setting;